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linux:installation [2017/02/13 10:15] mstraub [Init Daemons] |
linux:installation [2019/10/21 14:09] (current) mstraub [Debian (.deb)] |
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</code> | </code> | ||
+ | ===== Hostname ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The host name is persisted in ''/etc/hostname'' and can be shown with ''hostname'' or (using the systemd-way) with ''hostnamectl''. | ||
+ | |||
+ | To change the host name | ||
+ | - use ''sudo hostname <NAME>'' to set the host name now (would not survive a reboot) | ||
+ | - edit ''/etc/hostname'' to set it permanently | ||
+ | - edit ''/etc/hosts'' to properly map the new host name to localhost | ||
+ | |||
+ | Instead of the first two steps you can also use | ||
+ | <code bash> | ||
+ | hostnamectl set-hostname <NAME> | ||
+ | </code> | ||
===== Date & Timezone ===== | ===== Date & Timezone ===== | ||
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== hwclock == | == hwclock == | ||
- | The hardware clock can be read and set (by root only) with the ''hwclock'' command. The parameters ''--utc'' and ''--localtime'' tell if the hardware clock is / should be set to UTC or local time. | + | The hardware clock can be read and set (by root only) with the ''hwclock'' command. The parameters ''%%--utc%%'' and ''%%--localtime%%'' tell if the hardware clock is / should be set to UTC or local time. |
**Note, however, that hwclock always prints and expects (when setting) date in local time.** | **Note, however, that hwclock always prints and expects (when setting) date in local time.** | ||
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===== Mounting ===== | ===== Mounting ===== | ||
- | The ''mount'' command and various files can be used to inquire the currently mounted devices and swap spaces. | + | The ''findmnt'' command and various files can be used to inquire the currently mounted devices and swap spaces. |
<code bash> | <code bash> | ||
- | mount # show currently mounted devices | + | lsblk # list block devices (i.e. no network or virtual devices) |
+ | findmnt # show all currently mounted devices | ||
+ | findmnt -t ext4,cifs # show mounted devices with a certain file system type | ||
+ | mount # show all currently mounted devices (deprecated!) | ||
cat /etc/mtab # .. | cat /etc/mtab # .. | ||
cat /proc/mounts # .. | cat /proc/mounts # .. | ||
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Starting and stopping services works as follows: | Starting and stopping services works as follows: | ||
<code bash> | <code bash> | ||
- | service myservice start | + | systemctl start myservice |
- | service myservice stop | + | systemctl stop myservice |
- | service myservice status | + | systemctl status myservice |
</code> | </code> | ||
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===== Debian (.deb) ===== | ===== Debian (.deb) ===== | ||
- | Quick overview of commands & config files involved in Debian: | + | Package management for debian is handled by the [[https://debian-handbook.info/browse/stable/sect.apt-get.html|Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)]] |
+ | |||
+ | The configuration files specify (amongst others) which repositories are used for downloading packages: | ||
<code bash> | <code bash> | ||
- | dpkg # simple utility to handle single packages | + | /etc/apt/sources.list # main config file |
- | apt-get # install / remove / update packages (uses dpkg) | + | /etc/apt/sources.list.d # directory with more configs (mostly for repositories with their own config file) |
- | apt-mark # hold / unhold packages (aka apt pinning) | + | |
- | apt-cache # cache for searching packages | + | |
- | dselect # curses GUI for selecting and installing programs | + | |
- | aptitude # curses GUI and command line tool that unites apt-get, apt-cache and dselect | + | |
- | cat /etc/apt/sources.list # main config file containing addresses for package sources | + | |
- | ls /etc/apt/sources.list.d # directory with more config files containing addresses for package sources | + | |
</code> | </code> | ||
- | When not using ''aptitude'' the following commands are tpically used. Otherwise simply replace ''apt-get'' and ''apt-cache'' with ''aptitude''. | + | Since ~2014 the standard CLI tool is ''apt'', which is a more modern version the older tools ''apt-get'', ''apt-cache'', etc. Most commands known from the older tools work in ''apt'', but most of the times with nicer or more verbose output. |
<code bash> | <code bash> | ||
- | apt-get update # synchronize list of available packages with server | + | apt update # synchronize list of available packages with server |
- | apt-cache search # search for a package (partial name is OK) | + | apt search # search for a package (partial name is OK) |
- | apt-get upgrade # upgrade upgradable packages (not if new dependencies are requird) | + | apt install # install packages (exact name required) |
- | apt-get dist-upgrade # upgrade upgradable packages (and install new dependencies if required) | + | apt upgrade # upgrade upgradable packages (not if new dependencies are required) |
- | apt-get install # install packages (exact name required) | + | apt dist-upgrade # upgrade upgradable packages (and install new dependencies if required) |
- | apt-get remove # remove packages (exact name required) but leave config files | + | apt list --installed # list installed packages |
- | apt-get purge # remove packages (exact name required) and config files | + | apt remove # remove packages (exact name required) but leave config files |
+ | apt purge # remove packages (exact name required) and config files | ||
+ | </code> | ||
+ | |||
+ | However, if you still need the stable lower-level tools they are still available too. This is also relevant for writing scripts, as of 2019 apt tells you ''WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | <code bash> | ||
+ | dpkg # low-level tool to handle installations of single packages | ||
+ | apt-get # medium-level tool to install / remove / update packages and their dependencies (uses dpkg) | ||
+ | apt-mark # hold / unhold packages (aka apt pinning) | ||
+ | apt-cache # medium-level tool to query the package cache | ||
+ | </code> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Finally there are also third party tools that provide similar functionality: | ||
+ | <code> | ||
+ | dselect # curses GUI for selecting and installing programs | ||
+ | aptitude # curses GUI and command line tool that unites apt-get, apt-cache and dselect | ||
</code> | </code> | ||